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External WebsitesPatrick J. Charles is the historian of the 24th Special Operations Wing of the U.S. Air Force and was a legal analyst for the Immigration Reform Law Institute in Washington, D.C.
Patrick J. Charles Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Last Updated: Sep 5, 2024 • Article History Table of ContentsAsk the Chatbot a Question
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The origins of the Second Amendment can be traced to ancient Roman and Florentine times, but its English origins developed in the late 16th century when Queen Elizabeth I instituted a national militia in which individuals of all classes were required by law to take part to defend the realm. Although Elizabeth’s attempt to establish a national militia failed miserably, the ideology of the militia would be used as a political tool up to the mid-18th century. The political debate over the establishment and control of the militia was a contributing factor in both the English Civil Wars (1642–51) and the Glorious Revolution (1688–89).
Despite the Supreme Court’s rulings in Heller and McDonald, many constitutional historians disagreed with the court that the Second Amendment protected an individual right to “keep and bear Arms” for the purpose of self-defense in the home. Indeed, for more than two centuries there had been a consensus among judges as well as scholars that the Second Amendment guaranteed only the right of individuals to defend their liberties by participating in a state militia. However, by the late 20th century the “self-defense” interpretation of the amendment had been adopted by a significant minority of judges. The self-defense view also seemed to be taken for granted by large segments of the American public, especially those who consistently opposed gun control.
In England, following the Glorious Revolution, the Second Amendment’s predecessor was codified in the British Bill of Rights in 1689, under its Article VII, which proclaimed “that the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law.” Often misinterpreted as a right to defend one’s person, home, or property, the allowance to “have arms” ensured that Parliament could exercise its sovereign right of self-preservation against a tyrannical crown by arming qualified Protestants as a militia.
The framers of the U.S. Constitution undoubtedly had in mind the English allowance to “have arms” when drafting the Second Amendment. The constitutional significance of a “well regulated Militia” is well documented in English and American history from the late 17th century through the American Revolution; it was included in the Articles of Confederation (1781), the country’s first constitution, and was even noted at the Constitutional Convention that drafted the new U.S. Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787. The right to “keep and bear Arms” was thus included as a means to accomplish the objective of a “well regulated Militia”—to provide for the defense of the nation, to provide a well-trained and disciplined force to check federal tyranny, and to bring constitutional balance by distributing the power of the sword equally among the people, the states, and the federal government.